A three-year-old girl with Down syndrome died from Group A Streptococcus septicaemia after a 10-day illness. She presented four times to hospital (ED and rapid review clinic) over three days with fever, rash, and diarrhoea. Initial presentations were reasonably attributed to viral illness and her rash was assessed as urticaria rather than erysipelas. However, the clinician managing her second ED presentation failed to consider bacterial infection or follow mandatory re-presentation protocols. The RRC consultant's assessment on day 5 of fever was inadequate without clear escalation guidance to the GP. The GP saw her on days 8 and 9 of fever but lacked hospital guidance about when persistent fever warrants hospital investigation. Critical opportunity for diagnosis and life-saving antibiotics was likely within 48 hours before death, but the clinical picture mimicked uncomplicated viral illness during hospital visits. Improved communication between hospital and primary care about persistent fever red flags is essential.
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Specialties
emergency medicinepaediatricsinfectious diseasesgeneral practice
Error types
diagnosticcommunicationsystemdelay
Clinical conditions
Group A Streptococcus septicaemiasepsiserythematous rashviral gastroenteritisfeverDown syndromeimmunocompromise
Contributing factors
Failure to recognise the clinical significance of multiple re-presentations within 72 hours
Inadequate assessment of febrile illness on day 5 without clear escalation pathway
Lack of clear communication and guidance from hospital to primary care physician regarding red flags for persistent fever
Failure to consider bacterial infection as differential diagnosis despite re-presentation and prolonged fever
Absence of mandatory investigations during hospital presentations
Inadequate vital sign monitoring frequency at second ED presentation
Failure to comply with mandatory re-presentation protocol at second ED visit
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