Ruby Mabel Edwards, 77, died from haemorrhagic diathesis due to warfarin toxicity after 84 days in a rural hospital. She had a prosthetic aortic valve requiring anticoagulation. INR monitoring was inadequate: no tests for 36 days (July 28–September 2), then readings of 8.9, 1.2, 8.1, and finally 12 before death. The visiting medical officer (sole GP) faced extreme workload (24/7 on-call, 2300 patients). After high INR readings, he reduced warfarin by only 1 mg to avoid prior over-correction experiences, rather than temporarily cessating or using vitamin K. Clinical lessons: INR should be monitored every 2–3 days during instability; warfarin management in elderly, isolated patients requires system support; point-of-care INR devices and computerised warning systems could assist rural practitioners. The coroner sympathetically concluded the GP provided reasonable care given circumstances, but identified opportunities for improved systems and monitoring protocols.
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Specialties
general practicehaematologypathology
Error types
medicationdelay
Drugs involved
warfarinphytomenadione
Clinical conditions
warfarin toxicityhaemorrhagic diathesisprosthetic aortic valveAlzheimer's type dementiahypertensionosteoporosisanaemiamild renal failure
Procedures
blood transfusionINR testing
Contributing factors
inadequate INR monitoring (no tests for 36 days between 28 July and 2 September)
suboptimal warfarin dose adjustment in response to high INR readings
excessive warfarin effect resulting in INR of 12 immediately before death
isolated rural setting with single GP managing 2300 patients and 28-bed hospital 24/7
fear of over-correction based on prior experience of INR dropping to 1.2 after complete cessation
practical difficulties obtaining blood test results over weekends
advanced age and dementia complicating management
Coroner's recommendations
Department of Health to consider research on point-of-care INR testing devices to assist general practitioners in remote areas with anticoagulation therapy management.
Department of Health to consider implementation of the Oasis project clinical information system management to provide automated warnings to clinicians when test results show hazardous INR levels, including guidance on management.
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