Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy caused by multiple factors including lung abnormality from antenatal distress, sudden unexpected apnoeic episode during transfer to intensive care, and undiagnosed bilateral tension pneumothoraces
AI-generated summary
Elsie Coghill, a newborn, died from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy due to multiple factors including an underlying lung abnormality from antenatal distress, an undetected apnoeic episode during transfer, and undiagnosed bilateral tension pneumothoraces. The mother attempted VBAC (vaginal birth after caesarean) after an earlier planned elective caesarean was not completed when the patient presented at 40+ weeks. Vacuum delivery was prolonged but deemed appropriate. Critical gaps included: failure to follow planned antenatal care (elective caesarean not booked at 40 weeks), failure to call a paediatrician to delivery despite guidelines, inadequate observation during transfer to SCN, and lack of systematic protocols for instrumental deliveries. The pneumothoraces were undiagnosed until resuscitation was underway in SCN. While multiple factors were suboptimal, causation remains uncertain—the underlying lung abnormality and undetected apnoea during transfer appear central. Clinicians should ensure delivery plans are followed, follow institutional neonatal resuscitation guidelines regarding paediatrician presence, maintain close colour/respiratory observation during transfer, and implement checklists for instrumental deliveries.
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hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathytension pneumothoraxlung abnormality secondary to antenatal hypoxiaapnoea of newbornfoetal distressmacrosomiavacuum delivery complicationsshoulder dystocia
Procedures
vacuum delivery (ventouse)episiotomyneonatal resuscitation with neopuffendotracheal intubationmechanical ventilation
Contributing factors
Failure to follow planned elective caesarean section at 40 weeks gestation
Prolonged vacuum delivery (24 minutes, exceeding RANZCOG guideline of 20 minutes and exceeding recommended pulls)
Failure to call on-call paediatrician to attend delivery despite local guidelines recommending this for instrumental deliveries
Inadequate observation and monitoring of infant during transfer to Special Care Nursery
Undetected apnoeic episode during transfer
Undiagnosed bilateral tension pneumothoraces
Underlying lung abnormality (likely from antenatal distress with aspiration of squamous cells)
Possible misplacement of endotracheal tube during resuscitation
Secondary resuscitation in SCN potentially exacerbating pneumothoraces
Coroner's recommendations
Consider having autopsies in cases of unusual and unexpected newborn deaths in regional hospitals conducted by specialist perinatal/paediatric pathologists or by forensic and perinatal pathologists together to establish cause and manner of death
Local Health District to introduce protocol placing MET team on immediate alert for unstable newborns or those with low to intermediate APGAR scores at five minutes to attend birthing unit
Local Health District to develop from current protocols a short checklist of matters for instrumental deliveries with clear delineation of responsibility, with one person (RN or midwife) nominated to ensure checklist completion
Coffs Harbour Centre for Women's Reproductive Care to revise forms and protocols to ensure instructions and plans made by clinicians are followed, using clear forms with unmistakable plans and chronology for follow-up
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